{"id":1494,"date":"2026-07-10T07:39:34","date_gmt":"2026-07-10T07:39:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicalmindgames.com\/?p=1494"},"modified":"2026-07-10T07:39:38","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T07:39:38","slug":"nuo-senoves-elito-iki-visiems-prieinamos-pramogos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physicalmindgames.com\/lt\/nuo-senoves-elito-iki-visiems-prieinamos-pramogos\/","title":{"rendered":"NUO SENOV\u0116S ELITO IKI VISIEMS PRIEINAMOS PRAMOGOS"},"content":{"rendered":"

Doc. dr. Pijus Kr\u016bmina<\/strong>s<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stalo \u017eaidimai \u0161iandien daugeliui m\u016bs\u0173 \u2013 kasdienyb\u0117s dalis. Juos \u017eaid\u017eiame su \u0161eima, draugais, jie \u012ftraukiami \u012f mokymosi proces\u0105, bibliotekose veikia \u017eaislotekos, organizuojamos edukacijos su \u017eaidimo elementais,<\/em> kai kurios bibliotekos netgi pa\u010dios imasi kurti literat\u016brinius ar su konkre\u010diu Lietuvos regionu susijusius stalo \u017eaidimus. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bet ar daug \u017einome, kada ir kod\u0117l \u017emonija \u0117m\u0117 juos \u017eaisti? Koki\u0105 naud\u0105 stalo \u017eaidimai mums duoda? Kokie \u017eaidimai buvo populiar\u016bs pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje anks\u010diau, o kokie domina \u0161i\u0173 dien\u0173 \u017emones? Kiek Lietuvoje sukuriama stalo \u017eaidim\u0173, kas juos kuria ir koks yra ar gal\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti bibliotek\u0173 ind\u0117lis \u0161ioje srityje? \u0160ie ir kiti klausimai bus svarstomi \u017eurnale\u201eTarp knyg\u0173\u201c spausdinam\u0173 straipsni\u0173 apie stalo \u017eaidimus cikle. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pirmiausia kvie\u010diame susipa\u017einti su trumpa stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 istorija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u017dmon\u0117s stalo \u017eaidimus \u017eaid\u017eia nuo seniausi\u0173 dien\u0173. Ar tai b\u016bt\u0173 karali\u0161kasis \u016aro \u017eaidimas Mesopotamijoje, ar senetas Egipte, ar vei\u010di Kinijoje \u2013 kad ir kur archeologai ie\u0161kot\u0173, visur randa \u017eaidim\u0173 element\u0173. Kaip knygoje \u201eHomo ludens<\/em>: m\u0117ginimas apibr\u0117\u017eti kult\u016bros \u017eaidimin\u012f element\u0105\u201c\u00a0ra\u0161\u0117 oland\u0173 istorikas Johanas Huizinga, \u017eaidimai egzistavo dar prie\u0161 kult\u016b-r\u0105 ir pati \u017eaidimo id\u0117ja civilizacijos papildyta nebuvo. Nors su antr\u0105ja teiginio dalimi b\u016bt\u0173 galima gin\u010dytis, \u017eaidim\u0173 galima rasti pa\u010diose \u012fvairiausiose kult\u016brose ir netgi ne tik tarp \u017emoni\u0173. Tad nenuostabu, kad ir stalo \u017eaidimai buvo paplit\u0119 visais istoriniais laikais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRAKT\u016aS IR TIK I\u0160RINKTIESIEMS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Pa\u010dius seniausius \u017einomus \u017eaidimus sieja du pagrindiniai aspektai: didel\u0117 abstrakcija ir s\u0105sajos su valstyb\u0117s elitu. \u017daidimai nepasi\u017eym\u0117davo realis-tin\u0117mis detal\u0117mis. Ir dabar populiariausi i\u0161 senov\u0117s atkeliav\u0119 pavyzd\u017eiai \u2013 \u0161achmatai, \u0161a\u0161k\u0117s ar go \u2013 neturi realistini\u0173 element\u0173. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Net jeigu temi\u0161kai jie gali simbolizuoti kar\u0105, vargu ar gal\u0117tume glaud\u017eiau sieti tikrus bok\u0161tus ar \u017eirgus su atitinkamomis \u0161achmat\u0173 fig\u016bromis. Senoviniuose \u017eaidimuose visi veiksmai ir \u017eaidimo elementai, net jeigu jiems suteikta konkreti forma, lieka ma\u017eai k\u0105 turintys bendro su tikrove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pa\u017eym\u0117tina, kad rekonstruodami, kaip veik\u0117 patys \u017eaidimai, susiduriame su ra\u0161ytini\u0173 \u0161altini\u0173 tr\u016bkumu. Tiesa, kartais pasiseka, kaip kad radus II a. pr. Kr. siekian\u010di\u0105 dantira\u0161\u010dio lentel\u0119, kurioje buvo apra\u0161ytas (bent jau vienas) \u017eaidimo variantas. Ta\u010diau ir \u0161is apra\u0161ymas palieka vietos spekuliacijoms. Siekdami palengvinti atrast\u0173 senovini\u0173 stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 rekonstravim\u0105, Mastrichto (Nyderlandai) universiteto projekto\u201eDigital Ludeme\u201c mokslininkai, pasitelk\u0119 dirbtin\u012f intelekt\u0105, bando atkurti (o gal labiau sukurti?) galimus j\u0173 taisykli\u0173 variantus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u0161 archeolog\u0173 radini\u0173 galima numatyti, kad dauguma rast\u0173j\u0173 stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 buvo elito pramoga, ma\u017eai prieinama kitiems socialiniams sluoksniams. Viena \u012fdomia i\u0161imtimi tyr\u0117jai laiko senov\u0117s Graikij\u0105. \u010cia stalo \u017eaidimai veikiausiai tur\u0117jo ir papildom\u0173 funkcij\u0173, toki\u0173 kaip mokyti taisykli\u0173 laikymosi svarbos, parodant, k\u0105 rei\u0161kia b\u016bti geru pilie\u010diu, koks yra pilie\u010dio santykis su kitais pilie\u010diais ir pa\u010diu poliu6. Tod\u0117l tik\u0117tina, kad \u010dia jie buvo labiau paplit\u0119 nei kitose senosiose kult\u016brose. Stalo \u017eaidimais u\u017esiimta ir viduram\u017eiais. Vikingai stumd\u0117 fig\u016bras ant abstrak\u010dios \u201eHnefataflo\u201c lentos, Vakar\u0173 Europ\u0105 i\u0161 senov\u0117s Indijos pasiek\u0117 \u010daturanga, v\u0117liau virtusi \u0161achmatais. Vis d\u0117lto ir \u0161i\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 principai i\u0161liko tokie patys: \u017eaidimai labai abstrakt\u016bs, o pagrindiniai \u017eaid\u0117jai \u2013 visuomen\u0117s elitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIV a. Vakar\u0173 Europoje pasirodo kir\u010di\u0173 \u0117mimo (angl.\u00a0trick-taking<\/em>) tipo kortos, kur skirtinguose \u017eaidimo raunduose \u017eaid\u0117jai turi nukirsti kit\u0173 \u017eaid\u0117j\u0173 kortas. \u010cia kaip vien\u0105 ankstyviausi\u0173 pamin\u0117jim\u0173 galima i\u0161skirti voki\u0161k\u0105j\u012f \u201eKarn\u00f6ffel\u201c, kur\u012f 1426 m. buvo leista \u017eaisti vieno Bavarijos miesto \u0161vent\u0117je. Pana\u0161iu metu minimi kort\u0173 \u017eaidimai ir kalbant apie suk\u010diavim\u0105. Tai rodo, kad kort\u0173 \u017eaidimai gal\u0117jo tur\u0117ti ir didesn\u012f paplitim\u0105 visuomen\u0117je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IR KARUI, IR DIDAKTINIAMS PAMOKYMAMS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Mokslo revoliucija paskatino pastangas rekonstruoti tikrov\u0119 ir j\u0105 apra\u0161yti modeliais \u2013 ar tai b\u016bt\u0173 planet\u0173 jud\u0117jimas, ar kiti rei\u0161kiniai. \u0160ie m\u0105stymo poky\u010diai prisid\u0117jo ir prie stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 raidos. Net ir abstrak\u010di\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 temos da\u017enai siejosi su karu, tad nieko keista, kad imtasi \u017eaidim\u0173 detali\u0173 tikslinimo. XVII a. pasirod\u0117 \u201eK\u00f6nigsspiel\u201c \u2013 \u0161achmat\u0173 pagrindu sukurtas \u017eaidimas su kiek patikslintomis fig\u016br\u0173 funkcijomis, turin\u010diomis geriau atspind\u0117ti to meto karyb\u0105. Vis d\u0117lto tai vis dar tas gana abstraktus \u017eaidimas, nors ir per \u017eingsn\u012f atsiskyr\u0119s nuo tuo metu \u012fprast\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tikroji \u017eaidim\u0173 revoliucija prasid\u0117jo su pr\u016bsi\u0161kuoju \u201eKriegsspiel\u201c. XIX a. pr. baronas von Reisswitzas suk\u016br\u0117 karin\u012f \u017eaidim\u0105. Lent\u0105 \u010dia pakeit\u0117 \u017eem\u0117lapis su realiomis vietov\u0117mis, o abstrak\u010dias fig\u016bras \u2013 konkre\u010dius karinius dalinius vaizduojan\u010dios detal\u0117s. Neilgai trukus \u0161is \u017eaidimas buvo \u012fvertintas Pr\u016bsijos generalinio \u0161tabo ir tapo karinink\u0173 rengimo priemone. Greitai metod\u0105 per\u0117m\u0117 ir kitos did\u017eiosios \u0161alys. Taip stalo \u017eaidimai \u0117m\u0117 glaud\u017eiau sietis su karybos sritimi, radosi \u017eaidim\u0173, kurie laikytini vis dar turtingesni\u0173 ir kilmingesni\u0173 visuomen\u0117s sluoksni\u0173 ar konkre\u010dios profesijos atstov\u0173 u\u017esi\u0117mimu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pana\u0161iu metu prad\u0117jo keistis ir laisvalaikio \u017eaidimai, \u012fgaudami didaktin\u012f pob\u016bd\u012f. Jie tapo savoti\u0161komis geografijos ir istorijos pamokomis su kelioni\u0173 tipo \u017eaidimais, kuriuos \u017eaisdami \u017emon\u0117s keliaudavo po savo \u0161al\u012f ar imperijos kolonijas, kartais gal pasitelkdami imperin\u012f m\u0105stym\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kita \u017eaidim\u0173 kategorija, kuriai b\u016bt\u0173 galima priskirti ir tarpukarin\u012f lietuvi\u0161k\u0105 \u201eDang\u0173\u201c, yra \u017eaidimai moralin\u0117mis ir religin\u0117mis temomis. \u010cia \u017eaid\u0117jas keliauja per lent\u0105. U\u017e\u0117jus ant langeli\u0173 su dorybe, pajudama papildomus \u017eingsnius tolyn, o u\u017elipus ant ydos, tenka gr\u012f\u017eti atgal… Tad ir \u017eaidimo \u017einut\u0117 tokia \u2013 doryb\u0117s gyvenime padeda \u017eengti \u012f priek\u012f, o nuod\u0117m\u0117s j\u012f apsunkina. Tiesa, tam tikro moralinio elemento b\u016bta ir geografiniuose \u017eaidimuose. Bent jau Did\u017eiojoje Britanijoje jie siunt\u0117 \u017einut\u0119 ir apie vergov\u0117s blog\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KLASIKINI\u0172 \u017dAIDIM\u0172 PASIRODYMAS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Dar pla\u010diau prieinami laisvalaikio \u017eaidimai Vakaruose tapo XIX a. antrojoje pus\u0117je. \u010cia kaip vien\u0105 pirm\u0173j\u0173 toki\u0173 galima nurodyti \u201eLudo\u201c (kilus\u012f i\u0161 indi\u0161ko pa\u010dizio). Kry\u017eiaus formos lentoje \u017eaid\u0117jai ridendavo kauliuk\u0105 ir su savo fig\u016br\u0117l\u0117mis jud\u0117davo pagal tai, koks skai\u010dius i\u0161krito. Nors \u017eaidimas grind\u017eiamas s\u0117kme, jame yra ir \u0161iek tiek planavimo element\u0173 bei tikimybi\u0173 vertinimo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XX a. pasirod\u0117 komercin\u0117 j\u016br\u0173 m\u016b\u0161io versija,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eRisk\u201c, \u201eDiplomacy\u201c, \u201eScrabble\u201c ir kiti \u017eaidimai, kuriuos dabar da\u017enai galima pavadinti klasikiniais. Juose dar glaud\u017eiau susiejami s\u0117km\u0117s ir strategijos elementai, atsiranda derybin\u0117s ar kitos naujos bendrin\u0117s veikimo sistemos (\u017eaidim\u0173 pasaulio \u017eargonu \u2013 mechanikos).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kaip \u012fdomi\u0105 XX a. pr. stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 rinkos iliustracij\u0105 galima pateikti visiems gerai \u017einom\u0105 \u201eMonopoly\u201c (\u201eMonopolis\u201c). 1904 m. Elizabeth Magie i\u0161leido stalo \u017eaidim\u0105 \u201eLandlord\u2019s Game\u201c, skirt\u0105 amerikie\u010di\u0173 ekonomisto Henry\u2019io George\u2019o m\u0105stymui iliustruoti. \u017daidim\u0105 su ai\u0161kia edukacine id\u0117ja greitai per\u0117m\u0117 mokymo \u012fstaigos, tarp j\u0173 ir Kolumbijos universitetas JAV. Ilgainiui \u017eaidimas prarado pagrindin\u012f savo element\u0105 \u2013 mokestin\u0119 sistem\u0105 ir tapo visiems geraipa\u017e\u012fstamu \u201eMonopoly\u201c. Tiesa, istorija tuo nesibaigia, mat \u017eaidim\u0105 u\u017epatentavo ir kompanijai \u201eParker Brothers\u201c pardav\u0117 ne E. Magie, o Charlesas Darrowas. Tikroji autoryst\u0117 buvo nustatyta tik 1973 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XX a. 8\u20139 de\u0161imtme\u010diais atsirado daug stalo \u017eaidi-m\u0173 inovacij\u0173. Populiaresni tapo komerciniai kariniai \u017eaidimai, ypa\u010d pasirod\u017eius \u017eaidimui apie Antr\u0105j\u012f pasaulin\u012f kar\u0105 \u201eAxis & Allies\u201c (\u201eA\u0161is ir s\u0105jungininkai\u201c). Vis d\u0117lto \u0161is \u017eaidim\u0173 \u017eanras vis dar yra \u201eni\u0161a ni\u0161oje\u201c, nors ir auganti. Kartais \u010dia galima rasti ir gan\u0117tinai \u012fdomi\u0173 Lietuvos istorijos element\u0173, pavyzd\u017eiui, Jono Prospero Vitkevi\u010diaus ar karaliaus Mindaugo kortel\u0117s \u017eaidimuose \u201ePax Pamir\u201c (antrame leidime) ar \u201eNevsky\u201c. Kaip atskir\u0105 karini\u0173 stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 \u017eanr\u0105 galima i\u0161skirti ir miniati\u016br\u0173 \u017eaidimus, pirmiausia sietinus su<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eGames Workshop\u201c, taip pat \u201eWarhammer\u201c magin\u0117s ir mokslin\u0117s fantastikos \u017eaidimus. Ta\u010diau ir j\u0173 i\u0161takos gl\u016bdi dar XX a. pr., kai vienas mokslin\u0117s fantastikos pradinink\u0173 Herbertas George\u2019as Wellsas suk\u016br\u0117 gana populiarias \u201eLittle Wars\u201c (\u201eMa\u017e\u0173j\u0173 kar\u0173\u201c) taisykles, skirtas \u017eaidimams kareiv\u0117liais. \u0160i\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 tikslas buvo ne vien pramoga, bet ir karo baisum\u0173 parodymas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pana\u0161iu metu atsirado ir pirmieji vaidmen\u0173 stalo \u017eaidimai \u2013 1974 m. pasirod\u0117 \u201eDungeons & Dragons\u201c (\u201ePo\u017eemiai ir drakonai\u201c). \u0160is \u017eaidimas daugiau remiasi vis\u0173 dalyvi\u0173 kuriama istorija nei u\u017edara situacija, kuri pasitelkiama daugumoje \u012fprast\u0173 stalo \u017eaidim\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iuo metu egzistuoja daugyb\u0117 pa\u010di\u0173 \u012fvairiausi\u0173 vaidmen\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 sistem\u0173, o min\u0117tas \u201eDungeons & Dragons\u201c tapo svarbiu populiaraus \u201eNetflix\u201c serialo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eStranger Things\u201c (\u201eKeistesni dalykai\u201c) elementu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galiausiai tuo pa\u010diu laikotarpiu Vokietijoje \u0117m\u0117 formuotis vadinam\u0173j\u0173 europini\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 \u017eanras. \u0160ie \u017eaidimai pasi\u017eymi tuo, kad s\u0117km\u0117 juose atlieka ma\u017eesn\u012f vaidmen\u012f, \u017eaid\u0117j\u0173 tarpusavio s\u0105veika taip pat ribota. Vienas istori\u0161kai reik\u0161mingiausi\u0173 \u0161io \u017eanro \u017eaidim\u0173 \u2013 Klauso Teubero \u201eCatan\u201c (\u201eKatano salos naujakuriai\u201c). Jame \u017eaid\u0117jai renka i\u0161teklius (r\u016bdos, gr\u016bd\u0173, plyt\u0173, medienos ir vilnos korteles) ir konstruoja gyvenvietes bei kelius. Dabar toki\u0173 \u017eaidim\u0173 leid\u017eiama labai daug ir pa\u010diomis \u012fvairiausiomis temomis \u2013 nuo galvij\u0173 ganymo XIX a. JAV iki Marso kolonizavimo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 inovacijas paskatino ir sutelktinio finansavimo platform\u0173, toki\u0173 kaip \u201eKickstarter\u201c, atsiradimas. Nors toks verslo modelis sulaukia ir kritikos, tyrimai rodo, kad jis skatina inovatyvum\u0105, o naujus sprendimus k\u016br\u0117jai pritaiko ir kituose \u017eaidimuose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iuo metu stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 \u012fvairov\u0117 ir prieinamumas yra kaip niekad dideli. Duomen\u0173 analitikos platformos \u201eStatista\u201c duomenimis, 2022 m. \u0161ioje rinkoje sukosi daugiau nei 2 mlrd. JAV doleri\u0173, o prognozuojamas metinis augimas siekia beveik 9 proc.\u00a0Galima rinktis klasikinius, abstrak\u010dius, strateginius \u017eaidimus, galima stumdyti miniati\u016bras, analizuoti praeities konfliktus, statyti miel\u0173 gyv\u016bn\u0173 miestus, kurti siaubo istorijas… Kiekvienas gali rasti k\u0105 nors sau artimo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pateikti tekstai suskaitmeninti i\u0161 senesni\u0173 spausdint\u0173 leidini\u0173, kuriuose buvo publikuota informacija apie stalo \u017eaidimus \u012fvairiomis temomis. Skaitmeninimas atliktas siekiant i\u0161saugoti turin\u012f, palengvinti jo paie\u0161k\u0105 ir u\u017etikrinti ilgalaik\u012f prieinamum\u0105. Tai archyvin\u0117 iniciatyva, skirta apsaugoti verting\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105 nuo praradimo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gyv\u0173 stalo \u017eaidim\u0173 ir bendruomen\u0117s renginius galite rasti kaulas.lt<\/strong><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doc. dr. Pijus Kr\u016bminas Stalo \u017eaidimai \u0161iandien daugeliui m\u016bs\u0173 \u2013 kasdienyb\u0117s dalis. Juos \u017eaid\u017eiame su \u0161eima, draugais, jie \u012ftraukiami \u012f mokymosi proces\u0105, bibliotekose veikia \u017eaislotekos, organizuojamos edukacijos su \u017eaidimo elementais, kai kurios bibliotekos netgi pa\u010dios imasi kurti literat\u016brinius ar su konkre\u010diu Lietuvos regionu susijusius stalo \u017eaidimus. Bet ar daug \u017einome, kada ir kod\u0117l \u017emonija \u0117m\u0117 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[98],"class_list":["post-1494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","tag-stalo-zaidimai"],"yoast_head":"\nNUO SENOV\u0116S ELITO IKI VISIEMS PRIEINAMOS PRAMOGOS - Physical Mind Games<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/physicalmindgames.com\/lt\/nuo-senoves-elito-iki-visiems-prieinamos-pramogos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lt_LT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NUO SENOV\u0116S ELITO IKI VISIEMS PRIEINAMOS PRAMOGOS - Physical Mind Games\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Doc. dr. Pijus Kr\u016bminas Stalo \u017eaidimai \u0161iandien daugeliui m\u016bs\u0173 \u2013 kasdienyb\u0117s dalis. Juos \u017eaid\u017eiame su \u0161eima, draugais, jie \u012ftraukiami \u012f mokymosi proces\u0105, bibliotekose veikia \u017eaislotekos, organizuojamos edukacijos su \u017eaidimo elementais, kai kurios bibliotekos netgi pa\u010dios imasi kurti literat\u016brinius ar su konkre\u010diu Lietuvos regionu susijusius stalo \u017eaidimus. 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